Aldo Leopold (1887–1948) was an American ecologist, forester, and environmentalist widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the development of modern environmental ethics. Leopold is perhaps best known for his book A Sand County Almanac (1949), which presents his philosophy of land stewardship, emphasizing the importance of humans’ ethical responsibility to the environment. His concept of the “land ethic” challenges the idea of land as a commodity and instead advocates for a deep, reciprocal relationship between people and the natural world. Leopold argued that conservation should not just focus on preserving individual species, but also maintaining the health and integrity of entire ecosystems.
As a founding member of the Wilderness Society and a professor at the University of Wisconsin, Leopold played a key role in advancing both scientific and ethical approaches to conservation. His work in wildlife management, especially his role in developing the concept of “game management,” influenced policy and the establishment of wildlife preserves. Leopold’s ideas about ecological interconnectedness and the need for a holistic approach to environmental management continue to shape modern conservation practices and environmental ethics, making him a central figure in the history of environmental thought.